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POLICY PAPERS
October 12, 2023
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), which offers investors and bankers political risk insurance and guarantees against non-payment by governments and state-owned enterprises, should feature heavily in the private sector reform agenda. We offer recommendations that would enable MIGA ...
BRIEFS
October 11, 2022
We are living in a time when many countries face heightened debt vulnerabilities. There is no international bankruptcy mechanism for countries that default on their external obligations. The objective of the international financial architecture—historically overseen by the IMF and its shareholders— ...
CGD NOTES
November 30, 2021
The pandemic and its economic impact have been a revealing test of the multilateral development bank (MDB) system and of individual MDBs. Although lending by the MDBs as a group rose significantly in 2020 (39 percent), this is much less than the rise in MDB lending in response to the Global Financia...
CGD NOTES
July 08, 2021
World Bank budget support projects throughout the COVID-19 global health emergency contain significant policy conditionality. On average, each operation required the recipient government to implement 8 policy reforms to secure funding—a reasonable constraint in “normal” times but at odds with the tw...