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WORKING PAPERS
April 02, 2024
Starting in 2001, duty-free access to U.S. markets under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) led to a brief boom in African manufacturing exports, particularly apparel, which then fizzled in the face of unfettered Chinese competition after 2005. The looming expiration of AGOA—and eroding C...
WORKING PAPERS
March 21, 2024
Since 2011, the World Bank’s education strategy has emphasized the need to shift focus from schooling to learning, and towards primary education with special attention to foundational skills. But this shift is not always easy to see in the actual lending data. Coding new details on 25 years of World...
WORKING PAPERS
December 06, 2023
Women’s credit constraints are related to gender differentials at the levels of the individual, the household, or the community. While constraints at the individual level tend to erase as women increase their wealth and business experience to match those of men, constraints that emerge from women’s ...
WORKING PAPERS
November 20, 2023
Over two decades and dozens of countries, the United States Agency for International Development has refined a package of support for early-grade reading, often referred to as “structured pedagogy”, which includes textbooks, teacher training, coaching, and lesson plans.
CGD NOTES
March 08, 2023
Evidence suggests that women who use financial services have increased opportunities to earn income and exercise agency by accessing jobs, starting businesses, and gaining intra-household bargaining power. While financial inclusion experts and agents have begun to apply women’s economic empowerment ...
CGD NOTES
September 29, 2022
This note provides actionable advice on measurement for project teams working on digital government-to-person projects, as well as practitioners and researchers working on cash transfer payments and financial inclusion more broadly. It provides short measures focused on key outcomes related to women...
CGD NOTES
June 28, 2022
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global recession, researchers have documented the economic impacts of the crisis, including in the form of individuals’ lost employment and income and increased poverty and food insecurity within households. To respond to these impacts, about 20...
REPORTS
April 21, 2022
This report debates the case for specific public investments in education in low- and lower-middle-income countries, drawing on evidence of what has worked not just in small-scale experiments but historically and in large-scale national programs. Its messages are intended more for economic policymak...
WORKING PAPERS
February 23, 2022
We use comparable, survey-based literacy tests for repeated cross-sections of men and women born between 1950 and 2000 to study education outcomes across cohorts in 87 countries. We find that education quality, defined as literacy conditional on completing five years of schooling, stagnated or decli...