More than 190 countries have pledged under the 2015 Paris Agreement to reduce carbon emissions, including from fossil fuel consumption, by 2030 to avoid the negative effects of rising global temperatures. However, there is a large gap between what countries have committed to do and what needs to be ...

Public and policy discourse has been imprecise in its definition of what constitutes a global public good, with implications for our understanding of how MDBs contribute to them. Once this is corrected for, it becomes apparent that, except under restrictive conditions that are unlikely to hold in th...